Bibliography

Bibliography
From Vietnam to the Television: Communicating the War
Beckett Paxson, Vienna Hartofil, Luke Chandler
Total Sources- 75
Primary Sources- 32
1.Corporation, United Newsreal, director. War News from the South Pacific, U.S. National Archives, 28 Jan. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAF1O4ULsOE 
This video is vital to our website and portrays the theme of broadcasting war well. It shows a newsreal from World War II. A war correspondent fills the American people in on the war effort against Japan. It shows how the use of photography and film are useful to a war effort because it helps communicate conflict back to the public.
2. Newrsreal, Universal, director. Vietnam: 1st Cavalry Division Clashes With VC Force. Universal Newsreel Volume 40, Release 24, 03/21/1967 (Vietnam Excerpt), U.S. National Archive, 28 Jan. 2018, Corporation, United Newsreal, director. War News from the South Pacific, U.S. National Archives, 28 Jan. 2018, https://youtu.be/UFYy2_2zIaw 
This newsreal contributes to our website. It shows men fighting in Vietnam. This up close and personal view of the conflict helps the viewer better understand what was taking place in the war. This connects with the theme because it shows communication between news reporters, troops, and the public.

3. "Vietnam: The First Television War.” National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/01/25/vietnam-the-first-television-war/. 
This source helped us better understand the conflict in Vietnam and why it was communicated back to the American people. The article, made by the National Archives, showcases the reasons behind the broadcasting of the war. Without the vital information we gained from this article, we would have not fully understood the degree of the situation. 
4.Cronkite, Walter, director. Report from Vietnam (1968) Walter Cronkite, CBS Evening News, 1968, youtu.be/kcSeecx-Z1E. 
This broadcasting segment by Walter Cronkite shows how divided the American people were during the war. He mentions that America needs to withdraw from Vietnam. He also kindly remarked that they would do so as heroes who were only defending democracy. 
5. Cronkite, Walter, director. Reporting Vietnam: Cronkite’s Vietnam Editorial, CBS News, 27 Feb. 1968, www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXg8BbMp1Yg. 
This source, by Freedom Form, showcases the reporting and broadcasting of the war. The media contained in the video helps the view paint a better picture of some of the hardships and struggles creating content over the war. This relates directly to the theme of communication. 
6. "My Lai: Chapter 1.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/my-lai-chapter-1/. 
This segment, done by PBS, shows the men of Charlie company. This helps by showing a different side to Vietnam by directly showing the men involved in the war. It helps paint a personal connection to them while also showing humanity. 
7. Denton, Jeremiah, director. Admiral Jeremiah Denton Blinks T-O-R-T-U-R-E Using Morse Code as P.O.W., Public Domain, 1966, www.youtube.com/watch?v=rufnWLVQcKg. 
A POW was captured by the Viet Cong. He was being tortured. During a broadcast, he blinked in morse code and communicated back to the United States that he was under harm. This relates back to the theme of communication and shows a different, lesser known story. 
8. Investigating Subcommittee, Armed Services. “Investigation of the My Lai Incident.” U.S. Government, 15 July 1970. 
The United States government looked into the My Lai massacre. In doing so, they revealed the truth about the atrocities that took place there. By using this source, we received an unbiased factual document of the My Lai massacre.
9. Vietnam Protest. Austin Texas, 1967, STMU History https://stmuhistorymedia.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/vietnam-protest-1-osa57a41g1flyosy8csfff5xowctppq5xjscq70g2g.png
This image shows a man holding a sign. It read, “Get the hell out of Vietnam.” This photograph shows how much public opinion had deteriorated. It relates back to the theme of communication because the broadcasting and communication of the war had directly affected him. 
10. Vietnamese Woman Being Held at Gunpoint. Vietnam, 1966. https://iuhp.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/5ecbc57dc1cdfa6425ed8c6fb952ac66.jpg?w=600&h=312&crop=
This image shows a Vietmasie woman being held at gunpoint. This image helps communicate the war and the gore and destruction it brought. It also connects with the theme of communication because the photo was communicated back to the public.
11.Armed Soldiers Next to Civilian Family. My Lai, 16 Mar. 1968. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/media/gallery_images/My-lai-gallery-10-1450_MAS.jpg
This photograph shows some local Vietmasie men and children next to soldiers. It shows how the war affected everyone in Vietnam, but also affected everyone in America. This image communicates the human condition. 
12. Journalists Filming Soldiers in Vietnam. Vietnam, 1966. https://www.inquirer.com/resizer/JJK7Io7yGCqj2vZRIQHxWUwGcak=/1400x0/center/middle/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-pmn.s3.amazonaws.com/public/RNS2IGTVTVCGVK32G7QW3RDWHU.jpg
This image shows a filmmaker in Vietnam. He commenced the war by broadcasting it to the American public. This helps paint a full picture for the viewer of the content. By communicating the war, he helped further the anti war agenda. 
13.Burning Vietnamese Man. Vietnam, 1968. https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/vietnam/photo1.jpg
This image of a burring man in Vietnam evokes strong emotions. It shows the pain and eternal conflict taking place in the North, the South, and the American forces. 
14. Vietnamese Civilians Boarding Helicopters. Vietnam, 1968. https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/vietnam/photo5.jpg 
This image shows just how desperate the Vietnase civilians were. They were surrounded by conflict. There was hardly any escape for them. This sad reality explains why so many American’s were against the war in Vietnam.
15.“Napalm Girl.” Digitalhistory.uh.edu, Vietnam, 8 June 1972, digitalhistory.uh.edu.https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/vietnam/photo3.jpg- The famous photo of the Napalm Girl is perhaps one of the greatest visual representations of the horrors of war in recent history. It shows how disputes between just two world leaders can have a terrible impact on the most innocent of beings.
16. "Vietnam War.” National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/research/vietnam-war - This image of soldiers in a field shows both a scene of quietness before inevitable war, as well as the fact that the vast majority of those who fought and died on the frontlines of this war were young men, fresh out-of highschool. 
17. "My Lai Massacre.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/event/My-Lai-Massacre - Much like the image of the Napalm Girl, this picture shows the extreme and deadly effect this war had on innocent civilians. Both photos are extremely unsettling to look at.
18. User, Super. “Ron Ridenhour Letter.” Famous Trials, www.famous-trials.com/mylaicourts/1649-ridenhour-ltr - This letter gives us one of the clearest examples of the action that was being taken to look into the My Lai massacre in America at the time. (Allows us to see the exact words and concerns they wrote about)
19. "Vietnam War Records & Newspapers.” Vietnam War Articles | Newspapers & Records, www.archives.com/genealogy/newspapers-vietnam-war.html - These newspapers give us the most fascinating and accurate possible look at the exact info the American public was receiving from the media at the time of the war. It in a way lets us enter their thoughts, and allows the reader to be immersed in that time period.
20. Marshall McLuhan Quotes.” BrainyQuote, Xplore, www.brainyquote.com/quotes/marshall_mcluhan_139258. 
This quote, by Marshall McLuhan, is vital to accurately portraying the theme of communication. In the quote he mentions that the war was lost via the broadcasting that occured in Vietnam directly to the American people. This relates to the theme of communication because he is talking about the influence it has on public perception. 
21. Martin Luther King and the Deeper Malady.” CounterPunch.org, 8 Jan. 2016, www.counterpunch.org/2006/01/16/martin-luther-king-and-the-deeper-malady/.- This quote is important and fascinating, as it gives the reader an idea of how influential figures we often learn about, felt about the war. MLK believed that war signified a deeper issue with America as a Nation. 
22. https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/MyLaiReport.pdf
This pdf was an extremely important primary source as it gave us a direct look at the government response to the Mai Lai Massacre in the U.S. It was particularly important as it lists the exact findings of the government committee, established to investigate the matter. 
23. NixonFoundation. “President Nixon Announces Agreement on Ending the War in Vietnam and Restoring Peace.” YouTube, YouTube, 23 Jan. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiKulZK-ddI. - 
This primary source is crucial to the website because it gives the reader the opportunity to watch the exact speech American families watched at home, when the war ended. It in a way serves as a device we can use to better immerse the reader in that particular time period. 
24. “Quotes About Richard Nixon Vietnam.” Quotes About Richard Nixon Vietnam. QuotesGram, quotesgram.com/quotes-about-richard-nixon-vietnam/. -
Similar to the speech, this source is useful because it allows the reader to see the exact words of Richard Nixon, as well as what his personal opinions were when it came to the Vietnam War. 
25. “Pin on Vietnam War.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/395753885980189076/. 
This was a fascinating source as it shows how the media interpreted many of the findings of the Mai Lai Massacre Committee in the pdf above. It also gives another look at the actions taken after the Mai Lai Massacre. This source further serves to immerse the reader in the time period as well.
26. Gonchar, Michael. “Teaching the Vietnam War With Primary Sources From The New York Times.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 29 Mar. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/03/29/learning/lesson-plans/teaching-the-vietnam-war-with-primary-sources-from-the-new-york-times.html. - 
This article from the New york times offers the media’s interpretation of the earlier cited Nixon speech. It also gives more specific information about how the war ended and what specific details came with the peace treaty.
27. Natanson, Hannah. “Protesters Shut down D.C. Traffic before. It Helped End the Vietnam War - and Reshaped American Activism.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 23 Sept. 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/09/23/protesters-shut-down-dc-traffic-before-it-helped-end-vietnam-war-and-reshaped-american-activism/. -
This article from the Washington Post goes into detail about and shows pictures of some of the many anti-war protests that were occurring in the United States. This gives the reader a better understanding of the social struggle that was occurring on our own soil. 
28. “Dr. X's Free Associations: Historical Newspaper, Newspaper Headlines, Red Scare.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/83105555595796784/. - 
This article was particularly important because it gave a direct example of one of the many high list celebrities who just like many everyday people, were targeted unfairly by the hysteria created from the Red Scare. (Helped show how extreme the hysteria really was.)
29. Kolkey, Jeff. “Remember Tet: Coordinated Attack Launched Bloodiest Year of Vietnam War.” Rockford Register Star, Rockford Register Star, 28 Jan. 2018, www.rrstar.com/news/20180126/remember-tet-coordinated-attack-launched-bloodiest-year-of-vietnam-war. -
This source was important as it gave readers the opportunity to read the exact paper many Americans would have read when first learning about the Tet Offensive at home. (Helps put them in their shoes.)
30 “Andrew Vachss Quotes.” BrainyQuote, Xplore, www.brainyquote.com/quotes/andrew_vachss_392090?src=t_journalism.
This quote helps to paint a picture of communication in the war. It adds to our website by adding a different perspective. 
31 Inspiringquotes.us. “Jeremiah Denton Quote: While the Japanese Droned on in a High-Pitched Voice, I Blinked out the Des.” Inspiring Quotes, www.inspiringquotes.us/quotes/vT7X_vaeAUZE5.
This quote shows the situation Deton was in. It shows how he communicated back to America.
32 “Quotations: My Lai Massacre.” Vietnam War, 31 May 2019, alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/quotations-my-lai-massacre/. 
This quote shows the brutality of the My Lai massacre. It shows how no one was spared. 

Secondary Sources- 43
All of these secondary sources are full of information about Vietnam Communication from different historians, while remaining rather similar in purpose.  These were all very important, even if the facts were not nearly as solid as the primary sources, because they all gave different interpretations of the same story of Vietnam journalism.  We used this to our advantage, and combined different facts from various historians smoothly into one website. We also obtained several photos from these websites, to get a sense of what the events we were writing about, truly looked like while they were unfolding in the real world. Many of the sources gave us a look at how Vietnam journalism impacted the future as well. 
 
​​​​​​​ 30. https://www.britannica.com/event/My-Lai-Massacre
“My Lai Massacre.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 10 Mar. 2021, www.britannica.com/event/My-Lai-Massacre. 
 31. https://news.psu.edu/story/408622/2016/05/04/arts-and-entertainment/new-kensington-art-gallery-open-eddie-adams
Photojournalist Eddie Adams arrived in Vietnam in 1965, et al. “New Kensington Art Gallery to Open Eddie Adams Photography Exhibit May 8.” Penn State University, news.psu.edu/story/408622/2016/05/04/arts-and-entertainment/new-kensington-art-gallery-open-eddie-adams. 
 32. https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War
“Vietnam War.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War. 
 33. https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Vietnam-War-and-the-media-2051426
“The Vietnam War and the Media.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/topic/The-Vietnam-War-and-the-media-2051426. 
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 36. https://image.pbs.org/video-assets/sWkQmTu-asset-mezzanine-16x9-AO67kfL.jpg?crop=768x462&format=auto
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https://victimsofcommunism.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Red_Iceberg.png
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History.com Editors. “Vietnam War.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history. 
 41. https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War
“Vietnam War.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War. 
 42. https://time.com/vietnam-photos/
“The Vietnam War: The Pictures That Moved That Most.” Time, Time, time.com/vietnam-photos/. 
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“Vietnam War.” HistoryNet, www.historynet.com/vietnam-war. 
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Digital History, www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=18&smtid=1. 
 45. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/apr/22/vietnam-the-real-war-a-photographic-history-by-the-associated-press-in-pictures
“Vietnam: The Real War – in Pictures.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 22 Apr. 2015, www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/apr/22/vietnam-the-real-war-a-photographic-history-by-the-associated-press-in-pictures. 
 46. https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/vietnam-war-photos-that-made-a-difference/
Pyle, Richard. “Vietnam War Photos That Made a Difference.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 12 Sept. 2013, lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/vietnam-war-photos-that-made-a-difference/. 
 47. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/vietnam-photos
“The War in Vietnam: A Story in Photographs.” National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/education/lessons/vietnam-photos. 
 48. https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/tet-offensive
History.com Editors. “Tet Offensive.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/tet-offensive. 
 49.  https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tet-Offensive
“Tet Offensive.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Tet-Offensive. 
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History.com Editors. “My Lai Massacre.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 9 Nov. 2009, www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/my-lai-massacre-1. 
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“The My Lai Massacre.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/vietnam-my-lai-massacre/. 
 52.  https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/vietnam/vietnam_mylai.cfm
Digital History, www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/vietnam/vietnam_mylai.cfm. 
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Dror, Olga. “Learning From the Hue Massacre.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 20 Feb. 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/opinion/hue-massacre-vietnam-war.html. 
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“Mass Graves Discovered in Hue.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 16 Nov. 2009, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mass-graves-discovered-in-hue. 
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“Seeing Is Believing: Early War Photography.” Artstor, 11 Nov. 2016, www.artstor.org/2016/11/11/seeing-is-believing-early-war-photography/. 
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“WAR/PHOTOGRAPHY: Images of Armed Conflict and Its Aftermath (November 10, 2012–February 2, 2013).” The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, www.mfah.org/exhibitions/warphotography-photographs-armed-conflict-and-its-/. 
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“Protests and Backlash.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/two-days-in-october-student-antiwar-protests-and-backlash/. 
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62. “Execution by Firing Squad: Photograph.” Wisconsin Historical Society, 1 Dec. 2003, www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/IM12156.
63. Strochlic, Nina. “Inside the Daring Life of a Female War Photographer.” Culture, National Geographic, 3 May 2021, www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/world-photography-day-dickey-chapelle-female-war-photographer-combat-vietnam. 
64. Newton, Paula, and Thom Patterson. “The Girl in the Photo from Vietnam War.” CNN, Cable News Network, 20 Aug. 2015, edition.cnn.com/2015/06/22/world/kim-phuc-where-is-she-now/index.html. 
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71. Searls, Damion, and Anthony Gottlieb. “The ‘Pinkville’ Incident.” Lapham's Quarterly, 1 Jan. 1970, www.laphamsquarterly.org/states-war/pinkville-incident.
72. Shapira, Ian. “'It Was Insanity': At My Lai, U.S. Soldiers Slaughtered Hundreds of Vietnamese Women and Kids.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 12 June 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/03/16/it-was-insanity-at-my-lai-u-s-soldiers-slaughtered-hundreds-of-vietnamese-women-and-kids/.
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